Held under the theme "Beyond Our Daily Bread: Unravelling Soil Health Myths" – Professor Kutu's inaugural address examined key issues in soil health, agricultural sustainability, food security, and ecosystem services – all central to global and continental development frameworks such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the African Union's Agenda 2063.

UMP Vice-Chancellor, Professor Thoko Mayekiso, described the occasion as a significant affirmation of the university's academic standing. "It is a celebration of academic excellence and sustainable development. We celebrate not only a scholar, but a visionary whose work advances Africa's Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals," she said.

Professor Mayekiso also praised Professor Kutu for his continued excellence across research, innovation, teaching, and community engagement – noting that his work reflects the university's core values of integrity, relevance, and inspiration.

Drawing on more than 30 years of research, Professor Kutu detailed the specific vulnerabilities of African soils – particularly those with low-activity clays – and emphasised the importance of informed, long-term soil management for sustainable agricultural productivity.

Prof Kutu delivering his research findings.

He underscored that soil health goes far beyond farming – encompassing food security, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. Sharing findings from collaborative projects, he highlighted the use of compost technologies involving organic materials such as human hair and palm sediment to improve phosphorus availability in the soil.

"We need to garner greater investment in farmer education, especially for small-scale producers, to adopt sustainable and scientifically backed practices," he said.

Addressing a topical issue, Professor Kutu spoke on the role of biotechnology and genetically modified crops – stressing their potential to combat drought and pests. However, he also called for a balanced approach.

"We need to propose the initiation of research projects to evaluate the long-term effects of GMOs on soil and plant health – ensuring that innovation remains aligned with environmental sustainability," he said.

From left to right: DVC: Postgraduate Studies, Engagement and Planning, Prof Mbewe; DVC: Research, Innovation and Internationalisation, Prof Stroebel; Vice-Chancellor, Prof Thoko Mayekiso; Prof Kutu; Dean of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Prof Ludidi, and DVC: Teaching and Learning, Prof Davhana-Maselesele.

In closing, Professor Kutu urged all stakeholders – including government, academia, and the private sector – to work together in supporting sustainable agriculture through sound policy, research funding, and the empowerment of farmers.

"Farmers must be equipped with knowledge, integrated nutrient management, and climate-resilient technologies," he added.

Professor Kutu's research aligns closely with the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2063 – advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration and evidence-based policy. His work has received international recognition – including more than 140 citations – and highlights the potential of ecological sanitation and nutrient recycling to boost crop yields while reducing dependence on costly chemical fertilisers.

About Professor Funso Raphael Kutu

Professor Funso Raphael Kutu is a trained agronomy-soil scientist with extensive research and teaching expertise. He currently serves as Head of School at the School of Agricultural Sciences. He earned a BSc. Honours in Agriculture, MSc in Agronomy (Soil Science) and a PhD from the University of Ibadan in Nigeria.

He began his academic career as a Teaching Assistant at the University of Ibadan. He later joined Ahmadu Bello University's Division of Agricultural Colleges in Zaria, Nigeria, as a Lecturer II and was promoted to Lecturer I after three years. He also served as Head of the Agricultural Technology Programme and Coordinator of the 'Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the same university. He worked in various institutions in South Africa before joining the University of Mpumalanga in 2018.

Professor Kutu is a member of the Water Research Commission (WRC) project reference group. He also serves as an external examiner for many universities, as well as an assessor for promotion to professorship and associate professorship (readership) in several universities. He has published widely in accredited international journals and graduated Master's and Doctoral students. He is a registered member of several professional bodies, including the South African Council of Natural Scientific Profession (SACNASP), the Soil Science Society of South Africa, the Soil Science Society of Nigeria, the Soil Science Society of America and the Agronomy Society of America. He is a C2-rated scientist by the National Research Foundation of South Africa.

He has served as Associate Editor in Agronomy Journal (USA) and is currently the Chairperson of the Mpumalanga Agricultural Research Committee (MARC) on behalf of the Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environmental Affairs (DARDLEA).

Story by Cleopatra Makhaga. Pictures ©ChrisplPhoto.

Mcolisi Austine Shongwe, Sandile Tyrant Nhuvunga, and Ndiwanga Murena Overcome Muravha participated in the international programme, where they explored innovative business environments, engaged with Irish entrepreneurs, and met South Africa's diplomatic representatives abroad.

The tour, organised in collaboration with the Embassy of Ireland in South Africa, South East Technological University (SETU), and Technological University of the Shannon (TUS), exposed the students to a variety of successful businesses, ranging from global technology firms and higher education institutions to sustainable rural enterprises.

Mcolisi Austine Shongwe: "Experiment and scale your business internationally"

For Mcolisi Austine Shongwe, a Master's candidate in Development Studies, the visit to Google's Dublin office stood out. "That building is all a worker needs – it has a swimming pool, a gym, cafeteria, gaming room, outdoor garden with swings, a music room, a praying space, a meditating area, and even a shop. The goal is to reduce stress and boost productivity. I loved and learned a lot from it," he said.

Shongwe said the experience changed how he views business environments, particularly as an aspiring agricultural entrepreneur. "I learned that a healthy and enjoyable workspace leads to better work output. If workers are happy, they become more productive. As a future businessman, I want to create that kind of environment," he explained.

One of his most valuable lessons came from Green Hill Fruit Farm, which has been operating since 1945 and specialises in strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries.

"What stood out was how they care for their plants and their people. In hydroponics, you must give plants space to develop strong roots – it's the same with people. Don't pressure them all the time; the more they enjoy work, the better the results," he said.

Shongwe returned with a broader vision for his future. "Don't be afraid to scale your business internationally. Your country is just the tip of the iceberg – there's a whole world out there," he said. "Behind every successful business is hard work, sleepless nights, and constant networking."

He is currently developing a prototype product for rural communities, guided by an action plan developed during the tour. "In a month, we must report our progress. I'm already working on my prototype."

His advice to fellow UMP students: "Help people, not because you want something in return, but because it's the right thing to do. Success is not just about hard work; it's about being kind, curious, and disciplined. Once you know your purpose, chase opportunities aligned with it."

Sandile Tyrant Nhuvunga: "Think bigger, act strategically"

Sandile Nhuvunga, also a Master of Development Studies candidate, described the tour as transformative for his mindset and business. "One of the most memorable moments was visiting Google and learning how intrapreneurship and employee wellness drive innovation. Meeting officials at the South African Embassy in Dublin was also special – they play a big role in supporting South African entrepreneurs abroad," he said.

His business, Wordaptive Projects, originally offered printing services and livestock farming to individual consumers. After the tour, he began to rethink the scale and structure of the company.

"I now see potential in the B2B space. We're planning to offer printer maintenance and supplies to institutions. For livestock, we're working on a mobile and fixed slaughterhouse to serve larger markets more efficiently," he explained.

Nhuvunga was especially inspired by Salt Rock Dairy, a family-run enterprise that turns waste into value. "Their circular economy model showed me that you can be profitable and sustainable. It's not about doing more – it's about doing better," he said.

Following the Ireland Entrepreneurship Tour, the students are inspired to reposition their businesses.

He also embraced the opportunity for personal growth. "Adapting to a new climate, food, and schedule was a challenge, but teamwork and good communication made it easier. Networking with people from different cultural backgrounds helped me grow both personally and professionally," he added.

At UMP, Nhuvunga now aims to mentor fellow students while expanding Wordaptive Projects. "We're working on a B2B expansion plan. I've also started applying to business development programmes and seeking partnerships – just like Irish companies do," he said.

His advice: "Be bold, stay curious, and take initiative. Opportunities like this can completely transform your outlook. Start small but think globally. Relationships and mentorship can open doors you never imagined."

Ndiwanga Murena Overcome Muravha: "Your vision is your compass"

For Ndiwanga Murena Overcome Muravha, a final-year Bachelor of Science in Agriculture student, the tour was both empowering and affirming. "The most memorable moments were visiting Google and the South African Embassy in Dublin. We also explored rural businesses like Tarra Hills, Salt Rock Dairy, and Green Hill Fruit Farm. It was inspiring to see how sustainable farming practices can uplift communities," she said.

Muravha said her perspective changed significantly after observing how Irish entrepreneurs operate. "I now understand that everything matters – from how you start your production process to how you manage people and partnerships. I'm more eager than ever to take action," she said.

She is currently developing a candy product line, Hast Crimson Enterprise, and is in discussions with organisations such as SEDFA, NYDA, and Ehlanzeni Municipality for support.

"I want to use what I learned to launch an Irish candy promo during the June exam season as a marketing test. I'm refining the recipe and prototyping with a lot more intention now," she added.

Networking was initially a challenge, but she embraced it. "It was hard to step out of my comfort zone, but I kept reminding myself of my goals. I took every opportunity to engage and gather contacts for follow-ups," she said.

Muravha was particularly inspired by Google's people-first culture and Tarra Hills' attention to sustainability. "Google showed me that great ideas thrive in supportive environments. Tarra Hills reminded me that caring for your soil and your staff leads to consistent quality," she said.

To fellow UMP students, she offers practical advice: "Be prepared, be proactive, and always carry your vision with confidence. Opportunities like this refine your purpose and broaden your view. Research, apply, and never be afraid to ask – the world is waiting."

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The conference offered a critical space for reflection on South Africa's democratic journey – interrogating socio-political transformation, persistent structural inequalities, and the cultural shifts that have shaped the country since 1994. In her welcoming address, Dr Naledi Nthite, Director: Research Management at UMP, reaffirmed the university's commitment to scholarship with social impact. "The University of Mpumalanga is proud to provide a platform where knowledge generation and critical discourse can shape a more inclusive, just society," she said.

She also emphasised UMP's focus on innovation, entrepreneurial thinking, and strategic partnerships as central to driving meaningful change.

Call for Action-Oriented Sociology

SASA President, Dr Crispen Chinguno, noted the significance of hosting the 30th annual conference in a province with a rich sociological history. He urged delegates to embrace engaged and solution-driven scholarship. "South African sociology must confront the challenges of inequality, unemployment, and climate change with the same vigour it applies to theory," he said. "We must move beyond observation to meaningful action."

Conference delegates engaged on issues post democracy.

One of the highlights was One of the highlights was the keynote address by Professor Xolela Mangcu – who delivered a provocative call to decolonise the discipline. He argued that South African sociology remains entangled in colonial and Eurocentric frameworks – often to the exclusion of African intellectual traditions. He pointed to the continued marginalisation of black scholars, writers, and thinkers in the academic curriculum and stressed the need to reconstitute sociology using a broader definition of the archive – not limited to documents in state repositories, but including lived experience, memory, and oral expression.

Reimagining the Sociological Archive

Professor Mangcu proposed literary sociology as a framework through which African literature, biography, and oral traditions could be analysed as sociological texts. Citing works such as The Black Metropolis and Native Son, he demonstrated how literature has long offered insight into identity, inequality, and social feeling – often in ways that elude formal theory.

He highlighted Desmond Tutu's moral vision of reconciliation and justice as a case in point – notably under-analysed in sociological discourse – and referenced African-American scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr, who had to assert the academic legitimacy of African literature and black studies. These examples, Professor Mangcu argued, reflect the narrow definitions of intellectual value that continue to shape academic disciplines.

Dean of the Faculty of Economics, Development and Business Sciences, Professor Vusi Gumede.

Professor Mangcu called for African newspapers, mission school records, hymns, and protest poetry to be incorporated into research methodologies. "The archive is not only written in ink but sung in struggle and remembered in song," he said. Such materials, he argued, provide a more grounded and layered understanding of social life.

Turning to Steve Biko, Professor Mangcu explored the enduring relevance of black consciousness. He explained that Biko's redefinition of blackness transcended skin colour – focusing instead on shared experiences of economic, political, and social exclusion. This understanding enabled solidarity across ethnic and linguistic divides and asserted dignity in the face of erasure.

"His was an identity not confined to pigmentation but broadened to include the oppressed and marginalised," said Professor Mangcu – calling on departments of sociology to embrace a new curriculum that integrates black intellectual traditions, indigenous epistemologies, and African expressive culture. In closing, he reminded delegates that black identity is dynamic – shaped by struggle, dialogue, art, and political imagination. He cited early 20th-century debates between Christians and Traditionalists as evidence of long-standing conversations within black communities about modernity, belief, and belonging – conversations that must be brought into the classroom.

Tourism, Youth Empowerment and Inclusive Growth

Executive Manager at Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency (MTPA), Mr Ntwanano Mtungwa, spoke on the role of tourism in promoting economic development and social inclusion. "We are investing in youth from rural communities through learnerships in conservation and tourism," he said. "Our vision is to unlock entrepreneurship, foster cultural exchange, and promote business tourism that benefits our people."

Professor Mangcu called for a curriculum change that integrates black intellectual traditions, indigenous epistemologies, and African expressive culture.

He also encouraged organisers to continue selecting Mpumalanga as a host destination – citing the province's natural beauty, safety efforts, and community-based tourism initiatives. The MTPA – which oversees several nature reserves – is committed to a tourism sector that reflects diverse heritage and broadens access to opportunity.

The conference featured robust discussions under six key sub-themes: nationalism and identity; African knowledge systems; post-apartheid socio-economic transformation; gender dynamics; migration and social integration; and the changing nature of labour.

UMP Dean of the Faculty of Economics, Development and Business Sciences, Professor Vusi Gumede, underscored the importance of applied, transformative scholarship. "We are here to address the practical challenges of society – to change the perception that sociologists only theorise. Our work must be grounded, transformative, and responsive," he said.

The conference brought together a diverse delegation of scholars, students, policymakers, and activists. As proceedings drew to a close, participants left energised and committed to continuing the difficult, necessary work of transformation. The conversations were thoughtful, critical, and deeply informed by the realities of post-apartheid South Africa.

Story by Cleopatra Makhaga. Pictures supplied.

Conservation genetics – a relatively new field first introduced in scientific literature in the 1970s – has grown rapidly over the past five decades. Advances in technology have made genetic testing increasingly powerful and accessible, enabling its application across a wide range of conservation priorities.

Genetic tools can support species and subspecies delineation, population genetics, and hybrid detection – all of which inform evidence-based conservation planning and management.

Dr Miller, who serves as Scientific Coordinator at the Max Planck–UCT Centre for Behaviour and Coevolution, is particularly interested in the application of science to conservation challenges, with a focus on genetics. During the seminar, she shared scientific insights and practical case studies showing how genetic data can support conservation efforts globally.

"We've seen a 20-fold increase in conservation genetics publications between the 1970s and the 2020s, which speaks volumes about its growing impact. Genetics allows us to understand the past, assess the present, and guide the future of conservation management," she said.

Dr Miller highlighted several landmark studies, including the genetic rescue of the highly isolated Florida panther population. In this case, the introduction of individuals from Texas helped restore genetic diversity and reverse the effects of inbreeding.

Closer to home, she shared the success of a lion translocation initiative in KwaZulu-Natal. In the early 2000s, lions were introduced from another reserve to address inbreeding within a small, isolated population. Genetic analyses conducted in 2011 and 2013 revealed increased heterozygosity and allelic richness, confirming the effectiveness of the intervention.

"This work allowed us to demonstrate that genetic rescue, when planned carefully, can restore diversity and support long-term viability," she said.

Dr Miller also discussed the evolution of genetic tools – from allozymes in the 1970s to microsatellites, SNPs, and now whole-genome sequencing. While newer technologies offer deeper insight, she cautioned that they remain costly and require advanced computational infrastructure. The selection of tools, she added, must always align with clearly defined conservation questions and fieldwork realities.

Dr Miller with Prof Dan Parker from UMP's School of Biology and Environmental Sciences.

Long-term Insights and Global Case Studies

She presented findings from a long-term study on dingoes in Australia, which examined the genetic impact of extensive culling across four management zones. Spanning nearly two decades, the research found a measurable decline in genetic diversity, with no clear evidence of genetic structuring.

"This kind of result challenges how we manage genetically vulnerable populations, particularly when political or social pressure drives large-scale removals," she said.

Another example addressed hybridisation risks in Namibia's black-faced impala population. Genetic analysis identified potential hybrids on game farms, likely due to the introduction of common impalas. Based on these findings, the study recommended the removal of individuals showing signs of hybridisation to preserve the genetic integrity of the endangered subspecies.

"These results give conservation managers clear, science-based options for maintaining pure populations," she explained.

Dr Miller also explored the importance of taxonomic clarity in conservation. She referenced a study on the spiky-faced lark, which revealed genetic divergence between distinct populations sufficient to justify species separation. The findings contributed to a global bird taxonomy revision, which recently consolidated species lists after a decade of scientific debate.

"Taxonomic decisions are not just academic – they determine what receives conservation attention, funding, and legal protection," she said.

In another project, Dr Miller examined lion genetics across the African continent. Using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, her team identified a distinct genetic suture zone between East and Southern Africa. These findings are now informing lion translocation guidelines to prevent disruption of genetically distinct lineages.

She also emphasised the importance of proper sample collection and storage, advising researchers to prioritise blood and tissue samples over hair where possible. "Good data starts with good samples – and how we collect, label, and preserve them makes all the difference," she noted.

In closing, Dr Miller called for greater cross-disciplinary collaboration in conservation research and planning. She urged students and scientists to align their work with practical conservation goals.

"Genetic data are not just numbers – they're stories of survival, adaptation, and resilience. We must listen and act accordingly," she said.

Story and pictures by Cleopatra Makhaga.

Currently an Academic Talent Stewardship Programme (ATSP) Fellow, Ms Magagula's academic journey reflects excellence, commitment, and leadership. While her recent achievement is notable, it forms part of a broader narrative of purpose and transformation – one that began with a student determined not only to succeed, but to lead and make a meaningful impact.

Ms Magagula was elected SRC President in 2021, during her third year of study, while also participating in the Vice-Chancellor's Female Leadership Development Programme – an initiative that nurtures the leadership potential of young women at UMP. As the first woman to hold the role of SRC President, she navigated leadership without precedent, approaching the role with humility and resolve, guided by a vision for change.

Reflecting on her time in office, Ms Magagula describes it as a transformative period that taught her the true meaning of leadership as service. "Her leadership journey was not without its challenges. Balancing her studies with student governance demanded discipline, resilience, and excellent time management. However, it was these very demands that pushed her to excel both in and outside the classroom."

Her time as SRC President sparked a deep interest in advocacy, particularly in gender equity and inclusive development. She strongly believes in the role of young women in shaping the future and often encourages others to lead with courage and authenticity.

"Leadership is not about perfection. It is about standing firm in your values and rising above self-doubt. To every young woman with dreams of leading – your voice matters, and the world needs to hear it."

She credits much of her development to the leadership of UMP Vice-Chancellor, Professor Thoko Mayekiso, whose commitment to women's empowerment and inclusive education continues to inspire her.

A Rising Academic and Advocate for Change

Ms Magagula currently serves in the ATSP and is an Associate Lecturer in the School of Development Studies. In this role, she teaches undergraduate students, contributes to academic research, and supports student development through mentorship and academic guidance.

"My current role has refined my ability to engage with diverse perspectives and has deepened my commitment to academic excellence. It has also strengthened my resolve to advocate for social justice and equal access to education."

Her teaching philosophy is grounded in empathy and empowerment. She strives to create a learning environment that is inclusive, engaging, and inspiring – a space where students feel seen, heard, and supported.

Her academic journey has also included international experience. Through UMP, she participated in a study abroad programme at FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences in Austria, where she emerged top of her class. This opportunity allowed her to travel across Europe, including to Spain, France, Italy, and Germany.

Having completed her Master's degree, Ms Magagula is preparing to pursue a PhD with a focus on gender equity, climate change, and inclusive development. She envisions contributing to policy research, mentoring emerging leaders, and working with global institutions to address systemic inequalities.

"UMP is more than an institution. It is a place of transformation. It is where I found my voice, discovered my purpose, and began my journey as a leader," she said.

With a clear commitment to education, development, and leadership, Ms Magagula is poised to help shape a more equitable future – not only for herself, but for those who follow.

Story from Leadership Magazine. To read more, follow the link: https://www.leadershiponline.co.za/magazine/SpecialEdition225/

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Co-funded by South Africa's National Research Foundation (NRF) and the Indian Department of Science and Technology, Prof Kutu's multi-year research project explores how fertilisation methods – both organic and inorganic – influence the uptake of essential micronutrients in tea crops.

"This multi-year research project on tea fertilisation and micronutrient uptake represents a meaningful collaboration between South Africa and India and stands as a testament to the impact of cross-border scientific partnerships," he said.

Prof Kutu's work forms part of a broader commitment to addressing global challenges such as declining soil fertility, food insecurity, and micronutrient deficiencies. His research investigates the relationship between soil management practices and the accumulation of key micronutrients – iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) – in both tea leaves and the infusions made from them.

"A key component of the study was a comparative analysis between South African and Indian tea cultivars," he explained. "The findings reveal that both Thohoyandou-grown tea and Assam-grown tea are rich sources of these nutrients, which play vital roles in human growth, immune function, and overall well-being."

The study also examined the bioavailability of these nutrients – how much becomes accessible to the human body when the tea is consumed. "The results suggest that tea could potentially serve as a natural dietary supplement, contributing to the daily micronutrient intake of individuals, including children, the elderly, and women of childbearing age," he said.

In highlighting the influence of fertilisation on nutritional quality, Prof Kutu noted that organic practices such as the use of composted materials do more than improve yield – they also enhance the nutritional profile of crops.

Building on his earlier NRF-funded Phospho-Compost Technology Project, he explored the integration of waste recycling, soil health, and plant nutrition – principles that form the foundation of sustainable agriculture.

His collaboration with Professor Tanmoy Kanti from the Tea Research Association of India has yielded several peer-reviewed publications that are gaining traction in international scientific circles.

The project aligns with global efforts to combat "hidden hunger" – a form of malnutrition caused by a lack of essential vitamins and minerals – and offers practical, evidence-based strategies for improving both health and agricultural outcomes.

"For farmers, the study shows how adopting improved fertilisation methods can yield crops with higher economic and nutritional value," said Prof Kutu. "For policymakers and nutritionists, it presents tea as a vehicle for delivering essential nutrients in a culturally acceptable and accessible manner."

As the University of Mpumalanga strengthens its reputation as a hub for impactful, solution-oriented research, Prof Kutu's work exemplifies the institution's mission to generate knowledge that promotes sustainability, innovation, and the public good.

In an era where food security and nutrition are increasingly urgent global concerns, this groundbreaking research highlights the potential of everyday crops – and reminds us that sometimes, transformative solutions can be found in something as familiar as a cup of tea.

The story is based on the NRF Science Matters podcast. To watch the full interview, follow this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pP3cZNlG9A

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Held on 6 June 2025 at the Mbombela Campus, the Tree-Planting Ceremony served as a symbolic and practical commitment to the 2025 G20 environmental agenda, following the successful G20 meetings hosted by UMP and the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) from 25 to 28 May 2025. These discussions placed strong emphasis on sustainability, climate action, and ecosystem restoration.

The Tree-Planting Ceremony formed part of a broader effort to promote environmentally responsible practices and aligns with the national Revamped National Greening Programme. Central to this programme is the ambitious "One Million Trees" campaign, set to take place on 24 September 2025, which calls on all South Africans to plant one million trees in a single day. This initiative not only aims to expand urban green spaces and boost biodiversity, but also to address the climate crisis through nature-based solutions. It contributes towards the long-term national target of planting 10 million trees by 2030.

Tree planting plays a critical role in addressing pressing environmental challenges. From a climate action perspective, trees absorb carbon dioxide and help mitigate the effects of global warming. At the same time, planting indigenous trees strengthens biodiversity, supports local ecosystems, enhances soil quality, and contributes to water cycle regulation.

Tree planting cultivates a greener, more resilient future for all and fosters a culture of of shared responsibility for the natural environment.

Beyond ecological benefits, tree planting also promotes community well-being. Greener spaces improve air quality, reduce urban heat, and create more liveable environments. Importantly, engaging communities in such efforts raises environmental awareness and fosters a sense of shared responsibility for the natural world.

The ceremony at UMP brought together students, staff, and SAFCOL representatives, who collectively planted indigenous trees on campus. This hands-on event provided practical training, highlighted the importance of selecting suitable native species, and emphasised the need for long-term care and stewardship of newly planted trees.

By partnering with SAFCOL and aligning with global greening strategies, UMP is demonstrating leadership in environmental responsibility. This initiative not only advances the G20 biodiversity objectives but also underscores the vital role of higher education institutions in building a sustainable, resilient future.

Story by Glen Sambo. Pictures supplied.

Madonsela's MSc research focuses on species diversity in disturbed and undisturbed environments, examining the ecological health of two contrasting systems. Her scientific curiosity took root during her Honours year, where she majored in Entomology and delivered an exceptional research project.

"I chose to study surface-active arthropods because they play a vital role in ecosystem functioning. They're excellent indicators of environmental change due to their sensitivity to habitat disturbances and management practices. I was also fascinated by their diversity, mobility, and ecological importance in pollination, nutrient cycling, predation, and pest control. Their interactions within agroecosystems and natural environments seemed interesting to me," she says.

Ms Madonsela further reveals that agroecosystems and savannahs offer contrasting environments that are ideal for comparative ecological studies.

"Agroecosystems reflect anthropogenic disturbance, where practices such as tillage, pesticide use, and crop rotation influence arthropod communities. Savannahs, on the other hand, represent more pristine ecosystems with less disturbance, often with higher biodiversity and more complex trophic interactions. Studying both allows for insights into how human activities affect arthropod assemblages, and helps identify conservation strategies that balance biodiversity with productivity," she says.

Ms Madonsela completed her Honours research with a final mark of 86%, securing a fully funded postgraduate scholarship from the National Research Foundation (NRF) – which enabled her to pursue her MSc. Her current research continues to explore arthropod diversity as an indicator of ecosystem health – a critical area of study in the face of climate change, habitat loss, and agricultural expansion.

As her scientific investigations progressed, so did her professional experience. She was offered an internship at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) – which she undertook alongside her studies.

"While my findings weren't entirely novel in the broader context of ecological research, they strongly reinforced the idea that land-use changes, specifically the conversion of natural habitats into agroecosystems, significantly impact the composition and assemblages of surface-active arthropods. This aligned with existing literature but added value by examining multiple arthropod groups across different seasons, whereas many studies typically focus on a single group. One of the most surprising findings was how quickly certain arthropod communities, such as ants, mites, springtails and beetles, respond to habitat disturbance. For example, even subtle shifts in mulch or soil moisture and vegetation diversity due to farming practices significantly influenced arthropod abundance and diversity."

She adds: "It showed how responsive and vulnerable these organisms are, which reinforced the importance of sustainable land-use practices. I think what stood out to me personally was discovering species or groups that were previously known to be limited to specific geographic regions, now appearing in areas like Mpumalanga, South Africa. That was particularly intriguing and suggests possible range shifts or changes in habitat suitability worth further investigation."

Her journey into the sciences began during her undergraduate years at UMP, where she enrolled in the Bachelor of Science (BSc) programme. Ironically, it wasn't part of her original plan. After matric, she was set to study medicine in Russia through a provincial bursary, but administrative delays led her to explore local options. She applied to UMP when she learned that late applications were still being accepted.

"I registered around March when most students were already deep into their first semester. I didn't think I would stay, but after writing my exams and realising how well I had done, I started to see my potential and began to take my studies seriously," she says.

Ms Madonsela is committed to expanding the reach of science, particularly among women and young people.

"Entomology is still a largely unexplored field in our country. We need more voices, more hearts, and more hands. I want young people to know that they too can rise, no matter where they start from."

As she looks ahead, Ms Madonsela hopes to pursue her PhD. "God willing, I would love to complete it by the age of 27."

Story by Cleopatra Makhaga. Pictures supplied.

Dr Forssman has long been fascinated by the region's rich archaeological heritage. "Most people visit South Africa's Kruger National Park for wildlife safaris," he said. "I go to its northern Pafuri region to study an archaeological site called Thulamela – a precolonial kingdom between the 13th and 17th centuries."

Rediscovered in 1983 by a local ranger, Thulamela sits on a hill overlooking the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River and the surrounding bushveld. Spanning approximately nine hectares, the site features dry-packed stone walls and is widely regarded as one of the most dramatic archaeological locations in the park.

"During my first visit in 2022, I was struck by the site's beauty," he said. "It's dotted with baobabs and fever trees – a truly spectacular setting."

In a recent visit to the site with his postgraduate students, Dr Forssman invited them to envision the kingdom at its peak. "Around 1 000 members of a ruling elite would have been living in a stone fortress on the hill, while another 2 000 people lived in smaller settlements below," he explained.

One of the most significant discoveries at the site was made during the first major excavations in 1996. "I showed my students the final resting places of what some believe to have been a king and queen who lived in the stone citadel. Their graves, filled with gold beads, necklaces, bangles and other jewellery, were found beneath hut floors," he said. A double iron gong – likely symbolic of royalty – was discovered nearby.

Other artefacts uncovered include Chinese porcelain, glass beads, textiles, ivory bracelets and seashells associated with East African trade. These items point to Thulamela's place in a vast Indian Ocean trade network. "These finds signal that Thulamela was part of a greater Indian Ocean trade network and that its people produced goods to trade through contacts with North and East Africa, the Middle East, India and China," said Dr Forssman.

He noted that the evidence challenges colonial narratives about the discovery of gold in South Africa. "At school, I learned a colonial version of history which claimed that gold was first discovered in South Africa in the 1880s. We know, however, that African communities were trading in gold soon after 1000 AD. We know this from evidence from settlements such as Thulamela."

Thulamela is on a hill overlooking the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River and the bushveld, dotted with baobabs and fever treesCredit: Ramy Fouda/Estelle Geneux

Powerful Regional Influences

Dr Forssman explained that Thulamela must be viewed as part of a broader historical system. "Strong farming societies and valuable trade routes with a distinct political economy thrived into the first decades of the 19th century," he said. "States emerging at Mapungubwe, Great Zimbabwe and Thulamela influenced the northern interior of what is now South Africa – and helped shape the rise of the Venda, Pedi and Zulu kingdoms."

He emphasised the need to look beyond Thulamela as a standalone site. "I cannot look at Thulamela in isolation, as merely another incredible Southern African archaeological site," he said. "I look for threads that elaborate on how it and sites nearby – such as Gwalala Hill near the confluence of the Limpopo and Luvuvhu Rivers – fitted into the region's past, connecting to multiple places, kingdoms and dynasties as part of major international trade networks."

His research focuses on the nature of early trade and the goods exchanged. Together with his students, Dr Forssman has already surveyed the northern part of the Kruger National Park – both on foot and using satellite imagery – in search of archaeological sites. "We will continue with the legwork, but also use drones supported by a South African National Biodiversity Institute grant," he said.

Thulamela lies about 190 km east of Mapungubwe National Park, where Dr Forssman has spent over 16 years studying forager technologies, indigenous knowledge systems and innovation. His work in this area began during his PhD at the University of Oxford and continues under the Hunter-Gatherer Archaeological Research Project.

"I believe archaeologists tend to focus too much on big centres and urban landscapes of development, thereby neglecting the common folk and subsistence farmers who prop up systems of elite power around royal settlements," he said.

Through his work, Dr Forssman hopes to help create a more inclusive account of the region's history. "I want to help create a more inclusive history about the influence of foragers and their craftmanship over the past 2 000 years on the larger market economy of the precolonial African kingdoms that once thrived in the middle Limpopo valley of South Africa."

This article is based on Dr Forssman’s feature in Nature.com: https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-025-00089-2

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